Discrimination of draglines from potential mates by Evarcha culicivora, an East African jumping spider

Publication Type

Journal Article

Journal Name

International Journal of Vegetable Science

Publication Date

1-1-2021

Abstract

Transaction costs are pervasive barriers in agricultural supply chains as they exclude farmers from profitable markets. Identification of these costs without reliance on proxy variables and their effects on smallholder profitability has not been empirically analyzed. The Heckman 2-step model was used to assess the effects of magnitudes of these costs on farmer profitability. Indirect monitoring and negotiation-related transaction costs had significant, positive, association with selling vegetables directly from urban markets; indirect information transaction costs had a negative association. A positive association between higher indirect information transaction costs and profitability was observed. Better market information systems will improve farmer profitability.

Keywords

Commercialization, direct transaction costs, indirect transaction costs, institutional arrangements

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