Submissions from 2013
Effect of Leaf Type and Pesticide Exposure on Abundance of Bacterial Taxa in Mosquito Larval Habitats, Ephantus J. Muturi, Benedict O. Orindi, and Chang Hyun Kim
Effect of predation on Anopheles larvae by five sympatric insect families in coastal Kenya, Samuel K. Muiruri, Joseph M. Mwangangi, John Carlson, Ephantus W. Kabiru, Elizabeth Kokwaro, John Githure, Charles M. Mbogo, and John C. Beier
Effect of six host plant species on the life history and population growth parameters of rastrococcus iceryoides (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Chrysantus M. Tanga, Sunday Ekesi, P. Govender, and Samira A. Mohamed
Effect of temperature on immature development and longevity of two introduced opiine parasitoids on Bactrocera invadens, E. F. Appiah, S. Ekesi, D. Salifu, K. Afreh-Nuamah, D. Obeng-Ofori, F. Khamis, and S. A. Mohamed
Effects of mulching, N-fertilization and intercropping with Desmodium uncinatum on Striga hermonthica infestation in maize, Charles A.O. Midega, Jimmy Pittchar, Daisy Salifu, John A. Pickett, and Zeyaur R. Khan
Efficacy of the African weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the control of Helopeltis spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) and Pseudotheraptus wayi (Hemiptera: Coreidae) in cashew crop in Tanzania, Moses I. Olotu, Hannalene Du Plessis, Zuberi S. Seguni, and Nguya K. Maniania
Endophytic colonization of Vicia faba and Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae) by fungal pathogens and their effects on the life-history parameters of Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae), K. S. Akutse, N. K. Maniania, K. K.M. Fiaboe, J. Van den Berg, and S. Ekesi
Evaluation of commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculants, A. Faye, Y. Dalpé, K. Ndung'u-Magiroi, J. Jefwa, I. Ndoye, M. Diouf, and D. Lesueur
Feeding and oviposition preference of Frankliniella occidentalis for crops and weeds in Kenyan French bean fields, J. O. Nyasani, R. Meyhöfer, S. Subramanian, and H. M. Poehling
First record of Calophya schini (Hemiptera: Calophyidae) in Ethiopia and Kenya, William A. Overholt, Robert S. Copeland, and Susan E. Halbert
Gene Expression-Based Biomarkers for Anopheles gambiae Age Grading, Mei Hui Wang, Osvaldo Marinotti, Daibin Zhong, Anthony A. James, Edward Walker, Tom Guda, Eliningaya J. Kweka, John Githure, and Guiyun Yan
Genome-block expression-assisted association studies discover malaria resistance genes in Anopheles gambiae, Jun Li, Xiaohong Wang, Genwei Zhang, John I. Githure, Guiyun Yan, and Anthony A. James
Genome sequence of Mycoplasma feriruminatoris sp. nov., a fast-growing Mycoplasma species, Anne Fischer, Ivette Santana-Cruz, Michelle Giglio, Suvarna Nadendla, Elliott Drabek, Edy M. Vilei, Joachim Frey, and Joerg Jores
Horizontal transmission of Metarhizium anisopliae in fruit flies and effect of fungal infection on egg laying and fertility, Susan Dimbi, Nguya K. Maniania, and Sunday Ekesi
Hunger-driven response by a nectar-eating jumping spider to specific phytochemicals, Ximena J. Nelson and Robert R. Jackson
Immunopathological features developing in the mosquito midgut after feeding on Anopheles gambiae Mucin-1 / Interleukin-12 cDNA immunized mice, Wilfred Emonyi Injera, Elphantus W. Kabiru, Michael M. Gicheru, John I. Githure, and John C. Beier
Improving Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) for tsetse flies through research on their symbionts and pathogens, Adly M.M. Abd-Alla, Max Bergoin, Andrew G. Parker, Nguya K. Maniania, Just M. Vlak, Kostas Bourtzis, Drion G. Boucias, and Serap Aksoy
Insecticide resistance in Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) could compromise the sustainability of malaria vector control strategies in West Africa, Olivier Gnankiné, Imael H.N. Bassolé, Fabrice Chandre, Isabelle Glitho, Martin Akogbeto, Roch K. Dabiré, and Thibaud Martin
Integrated Soil Fertility Management: Aggregate carbon and nitrogen stabilization in differently textured tropical soils, R. M. Gentile, B. Vanlauwe, and J. Six
Isolation of tick and mosquito-borne arboviruses from ticks sampled from livestock and wild animal hosts in Ijara District, Kenya, Olivia Wesula Lwande, Joel Lutomiah, Vincent Obanda, Francis Gakuya, James Mutisya, Francis Mulwa, George Michuki, Edith Chepkorir, Anne Fischer, Marietjie Venter, and Rosemary Sang
Larvicidal activity of kotschya uguenensis plant powders and methanol extracts against anopheles gambiae s.s. larvae in the laboratory and in simulated ponds, E. Innocent, M. H.H. Nkunya, and A. Hassanali
Larvicidal and brine shrimp activities of Vitex schiliebenii extracts and isolated phytoecdysteroids on Anopheles gambiae Giles S.S Larvae, Mokua G. Nyamoita, Innocent Ester, Mbwambo H. Zakaria, Lwande Wilber, Bwire J. Ochola, and Hassanali Ahmed
Life history traits of oomyzus sokolowskii kurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasitoid of the diamondback moth, G. Sow, L. Arvanitakis, S. Niassy, K. Diarra, and D. Bordat
Love is in the air and on the ground: Olfactory and tactile cues elicit visual courtship behavior by Cyrba males (Araneae: Salticidae), Ana M. Cerveira and Robert R. Jackson
Love is in the air: Olfaction-based mate-odour identification by jumping spiders from the genus Cyrba, Ana M. Cerveira and Robert R. Jackson
Malaria transmission after artemether-lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin- piperaquine: A randomized trial, Patrick Sawa, Seif A. Shekalaghe, Chris J. Drakeley, Colin J. Sutherland, Collins K. Mweresa, Amrish Y. Baidjoe, Alphaxard Manjurano, Reginald A. Kavishe, Khalid B. Beshir, Rahma U. Yussuf, Sabah A. Omar, Cornelus C. Hermsen, Lucy Okell, Henk D.F.H. Schallig, Robert W. Sauerwein, Rachel L. Hallett, and Teun Bousema
Mapping vegetation productivity dynamics and degradation trends over East Africa using a decade of medium Resolution MODIS time-series data, Tobias Landmann and Olena Dubovyk
Mechanical and thermal degradation properties of silk from African wild silkmoths, Addis Teshome, John M. Onyari, Suresh K. Raina, Jacques M. Kabaru, and Fritz Vollrath
Mosquito-borne arbovirus surveillance at selected sites in diverse ecological zones of Kenya; 2007 - 2012, Caroline Ochieng, Joel Lutomiah, Albina Makio, Hellen Koka, Edith Chepkorir, Santos Yalwala, James Mutisya, Lillian Musila, Samoel Khamadi, Jason Richardson, Joshua Bast, David Schnabel, Eyako Wurapa, and Rosemary Sang
Mycoplasma feriruminatoris sp. nov., a fast growing Mycoplasma species isolated from wild Caprinae, Joerg Jores, Anne Fischer, Pascal Sirand-Pugnet, Andreas Thomann, Elisabeth M. Liebler-Tenorio, Christiane Schnee, Ivette Santana-Cruz, Martin Heller, and Joachim Frey
Neurotoxicology of bis(n)-Tacrines on blattella germanica and Drosophila melanogaster acetylcholinesterase, James M. Mutunga, Dhana Raj Boina, Troy D. Anderson, Jeffrey R. Bloomquist, Paul R. Carlier, Dawn M. Wong, Polo C.H. Lam, and Maxim M. Totrov
Occurrence, diversity and pattern of damage of Oplostomus species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), honey bee pests in Kenya, Ayuka T. Fombong, Fiona N. Mumoki, Elliud Muli, Daniel K. Masiga, Richard T. Arbogast, Peter E.A. Teal, and Baldwyn Torto
Parasitological prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in Kubo division of Kwale County of coastal: Baseline survey, N. Mbahin, H. Affognon, J. Andoke, M. Tiberius, D. Mbuvi, J. Otieno, P. Muasa, and R. K. Saini
Phosphorus agronomic efficiency in maize-based cropping systems: A focus on western Kenya, J. Kihara and S. Njoroge
Pushing the envelope? Maize production intensification and the role of cattle manure in recovery of degraded soils in smallholder farming areas of Zimbabwe, Leonard Rusinamhodzi, Marc Corbeels, Shamie Zingore, Justice Nyamangara, and Ken E. Giller
Quantitative trait loci analysis of flowering time related traits identified in recombinant inbred lines of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), Mebeasealassie Andargie, Remy S. Pasquet, Geoffrey M. Muluvi, and Michael P. Timko
Repellent, irritant and toxic effects of 20 plant extracts on adults of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae mosquito, Emilie Deletre, Thibaud Martin, Pascal Campagne, Denis Bourguet, Andy Cadin, Chantal Menut, Romain Bonafos, and Fabrice Chandre
Residual Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia in kenyan children after artemisinin-combination therapy is associated with increased transmission to mosquitoes and parasite recurrence, Khalid B. Beshir, Colin J. Sutherland, Patrick Sawa, Chris J. Drakeley, Lucy Okell, Collins K. Mweresa, Sabah A. Omar, Seif A. Shekalaghe, Harparkash Kaur, Arnold Ndaro, Jaffu Chilongola, Henk D.F.H. Schallig, Robert W. Sauerwein, Rachel L. Hallett, and Teun Bousema
Seasonal abundance of western flower thrips and its natural enemies in different French bean agroecosystems in Kenya, J. O. Nyasani, R. Meyhöfer, S. Subramanian, and H. M. Poehling
Sex-specific induction of CYP6 cytochrome P450 genes in cadmium and lead tolerant Anopheles gambiae, Fauzia K. Musasia, Alfred O. Isaac, Daniel K. Masiga, Irene A. Omedo, Ramadhan Mwakubambanya, Richard Ochieng, and Paul O. Mireji
Shifts in malaria vector species composition and transmission dynamics along the Kenyan coast over the past 20 years, Joseph M. Mwangangi, Charles M. Mbogo, Benedict O. Orindi, Ephantus J. Muturi, Janet T. Midega, Joseph Nzovu, Hellen Gatakaa, John Githure, Christian Borgemeister, Joseph Keating, and John C. Beier
Smallholder Information Sources and Communication Pathways for Cashew Production and Marketing in Tanzania: An Ex-post Study in Tandahimba and Lindi Rural Districts, Southern Tanzania, Brigitte Nyambo and Elly Ligate
Standard methods for chemical ecology research in Apis mellifera, Baldwyn Torto, Mark J. Carroll, Adrian Duehl, Ayuka T. Fombong, Tamar Katzav Gozansky, Francesco Nazzi, Victoria Soroker, and Peter E.A. Teal
The Functioning of Species-Specific Olfactory Pheromones in the Biology of a Mosquito-Eating Jumping Spider from East Africa, Fiona R. Cross and Robert R. Jackson
The implications of climate change for positive contributions of invertebrates to world agriculture, Matthew J.W. Cock, Jacobus C. Biesmeijer, Raymond J.C. Cannon, Philippa J. Gerard, Dave Gillespie, Juan J. Jiménez, Patrick M. Lavelle, and Suresh K. Raina
The saliva microbiome of Pan and Homo, Jing Li, Ivan Nasidze, Dominique Quinque, Mingkun Li, Hans Peter Horz, Claudine André, Rosa M. Garriga, Michel Halbwax, Anne Fischer, and Mark Stoneking
The use of entomopathogenic fungi in the control of tsetse flies, Nguya K. Maniania and Sunday Ekesi
Tick-borne lymphadenopathy-like condition in an African woman in Kenya, Wycliffe Wanzala and Sopher Natuluku Ondiaka
Transfer of inoculum of Metarhizium anisopliae between adult Glossina morsitans morsitans and effects of fungal infection on blood feeding and mating behaviors, Nguya K. Maniania, Matilda A. Okech, James O. Adino, Jacob O. Opere, and Sunday Ekesi
Two sugar isomers influence host plant acceptance by a cereal caterpillar pest, G. Juma, M. Thiongo, L. Dutaur, K. Rharrabe, F. Marion-Poll, B. Le Ru, G. Magoma, J. F. Silvain, and P. A. Calatayud
Use of Metarhizium anisopliae chitinase genes for genotyping and virulence characterization, Saliou Niassy, Sevgan Subramanian, Sunday Ekesi, Joel L. Bargul, Jandouwe Villinger, and Nguya K. Maniania
Zanthoxoaporphines A-C: Three new larvicidal dibenzo[de,g]quinolin-7-one alkaloids from Zanthoxylum paracanthum (Rutaceae), Fidelis N. Samita, Louis P. Sandjo, Isaiah O. Ndiege, Ahmed Hassanali, and Wilber Lwande
Submissions from 2012
A Novel Synthetic Odorant Blend for Trapping of Malaria and Other African Mosquito Species, Wolfgang R. Mukabana, Collins K. Mweresa, Bruno Otieno, Philemon Omusula, Renate C. Smallegange, Joop J.A. van Loon, and Willem Takken
Are Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets Effective for Preventing Childhood Deaths among Non-Net Users? A Community-Based Cohort Study in Western Kenya, Osuke Komazawa, Satoshi Kaneko, James K'Opiyo, Ibrahim Kiche, Sheru Wanyua, Masaaki Shimada, and Mohamed Karama
Aspects of insect chemical ecology: Exploitation of reception and detection as tools for deception of pests and beneficial insects, John A. Pickett, Gudbjorg I. Aradottir, Michael A. Birkett, Toby J.A. Bruce, Keith Chamberlain, Zeyaur R. Khan, Charles A.O. Midega, Lesley E. Smart, and Christine M. Woodcock
A survey of the management of livestock ticks and other aspects of animal ethno health in Bukusu community, Western Kenya, Wycliffe Wanzala
Attending to detail by communal spider-eating spiders, Robert R. Jackson and Ximena J. Nelson
Behavioural response of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae to host plant volatiles and synthetic blends, Vincent O. Nyasembe, Peter Ea Teal, Wolfgang R. Mukabana, James H. Tumlinson, and Baldwyn Torto
Biologically based methods for pest management in agriculture under changing climates: Challenges and future directions, Frank Chidawanyika, Pride Mudavanhu, and Casper Nyamukondiwa
Chemical Communication in the Honey Bee Scarab Pest Oplostomus haroldi: Role of (Z)-9-Pentacosene, Ayuka T. Fombong, Peter E.A. Teal, Richard T. Arbogast, Paul N. Ndegwa, Lucy W. Irungu, and Baldwyn Torto
Cold tolerance and disinfestation of bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) in 'Hass' avocado, A. R. Ware, C. L.N. Du Toit, S. A. Mohamed, P. W. Nderitu, and S. Ekasi
Comparing the van Oosterhout and Chybicki-Burczyk methods of estimating null allele frequencies for inbred populations, P. Campagne, P. E. Smouse, G. Varouchas, J. F. Silvain, and B. Leru
Compatibility between Calpurnia aurea leaf extract, attraction aggregation, and attachment pheromone and entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae on viability, growth, and virulence of the pathogen, Paulin Nana, Nguya K. Maniania, Rosebella O. Maranga, Hamadi I. Boga, Helen L. Kutima, and Jacobus N. Eloff
Compatibility of metarhizium anisopliae isolate ICIPE 69 with agrochemicals used in french bean production, S. Niassy, N. K. Maniania, S. Subramanian, M. L. Gitonga, R. Maranga, A. B. Obonyo, and S. Ekesi
Detached berries inoculation for characterization of coffee resistance to coffee berry disease, F. Pinard, C. O. Omondi, and C. Cilas
Disentangling dispersal, vicariance and adaptive radiation patterns: A case study using armyworms in the pest genus Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Gael J. Kergoat, Dorothy P. Prowell, Bruno P. Le Ru, Andrew Mitchell, Pascaline Dumas, Anne Laure Clamens, Fabien L. Condamine, and Jean François Silvain
Ecological immunogenetics of life-history traits in a model amphibian, Seth M. Barribeau, Jandouwe Villinger, and Bruce Waldman
Effect of intercrops on thrips species composition and population abundance on French beans in Kenya, J. O. Nyasani, R. Meyhöfer, S. Subramanian, and H. M. Poehling
Effect of temperature and relative humidity on the development and fecundity of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), A. Tamiru, E. Getu, B. Jembere, and T. Bruce
Effect of the cassava green mite, Mononychellus progresivus, on the development and reproduction of the introduced predatory mite, Phytoseiulus longipes (Acari: Tetranychidae; Phytoseiidae), at different temperaturess, D. L. Mutisya, E. M. El-Banhawy, C. W. Kariuki, C. P.M. Khamala, K. K.M. Fiaboe, and M. M. Kungu
Elucidation of the biosynthesis of the di-C-glycosylflavone isoschaftoside, an allelopathic component from Desmodium spp. that inhibits Striga spp. development, Mary L. Hamilton, Serge P. Kuate, Melissa Brazier-Hicks, John C. Caulfield, Ruth Rose, Robert Edwards, Baldwyn Torto, John A. Pickett, and Antony M. Hooper
Estimating reproductive success of Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in honey bee colonies by trapping emigrating larvae, Richard T. Arbogast, Baldwyn Torto, Steve Willms, Ayuka T. Fombong, Adrian Duehl, and Peter E.A. Teal
Ethnoknowledge of Bukusu community on livestock tick prevention and control in Bungoma district, western Kenya, Wycliffe Wanzala, Willem Takken, Wolfgang R. Mukabana, Achola O. Pala, and Ahmed Hassanali
Evaluation of low density polyethylene and nylon for delivery of synthetic mosquito attractants, Wolfgang R. Mukabana, Collins K. Mweresa, Philemon Omusula, Benedict O. Orindi, Renate C. Smallegange, Joop Ja Van Loon, and Willem Takken
Evaluation of persistence and relative toxicity of some pest control products to adults of two native trichogrammatid species in Kenya, G. Momanyi, R. Maranga, S. Sithanantham, S. Agong, C. M. Matoka, and S. A. Hassan
Evarcha culicivora chooses blood-fed Anopheles mosquitoes but other East African jumping spiders do not, R. R. Jackson and X. J. Nelson
Evidence for potential of managing some African fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) using the mango fruit fly host-marking pheromone, Donald L. Kachigamba, Sunday Ekesi, Mary W. Ndung'U, Linus M. Gitonga, Peter E.A. Teal, and Baldwyn Torto
Farmers' knowledge and perceptions of blister beetles, hycleus spp. (coleoptera: Meloidae), as pest herbivores of desmodium legumes in western Kenya, Lefulesele N. Lebesa, Zeyaur R. Khan, Kerstin Krüger, Toby J.A. Bruce, Ahmed Hassanali, and John A. Pickettd
Farmers' perceptions of cotton pests and their management in western Kenya, Charles A.O. Midega, Isaac M. Nyang'au, Jimmy Pittchar, Michael A. Birkett, John A. Pickett, Miguel Borges, and Zeyaur R. Khan
Fine tuning of vision-based prey-choice decisions by a predator that targets malaria vectors, Ximena J. Nelson and Robert R. Jackson
From forest to plantation? Obscure articles reveal alternative host plants for the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Fernando E. Vega, Aaron P. Davis, and Juliana Jaramillo
Genetic diversity and population structure of Busseola segeta Bowden (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae): A case study of host use diversification in Guineo-Congolian Rainforest Relic Area, Kenya, George O. Ong'amo, Bruno P. Le Ru, Pascal Campagne, Antoine Branca, Paul Andre Calatayud, Claire Capdevielle-Dulac, and Jean Francois Silvain
Genetic structure and mating system of wild cowpea populations in West Africa, Eric B. Kouam, Remy S. Pasquet, Pascal Campagne, Jean Baptiste Tignegre, Kevin Thoen, Remi Gaudin, Jeremy T. Ouedraogo, Abdulai B. Salifu, Geoffrey M. Muluvi, and Paul Gepts
Genetic structure and origin of Busseola fusca populations in Cameroon, Michel Sezonlin, Rose Ndemah, Georg Goergen, Bruno Le Rü, Stéphane Dupas, and Jean François Silvain
Host plant effects on morphometric characteristics of Liriomyza huidobrensis, L.sativae and L.trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae), R. Musundire, A. Chabi-Olaye, and K. Krüger
Host plant-related parasitism and host feeding activities of diglyphus isaea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on liriomyza huidobrensis, liriomyza sativae, and liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae), Robert Musundire, Adenirin Chabi-Olaye, Daisy Salifu, and Kerstin Krüger
How Jumping Spiders See the World, Duane P. Harland, Daiqin Li, and Robert R. Jackson
How spiders practice aggressive and batesian mimicry, Ximena J. Nelson and Robert R. Jackson
Identification of candidate volatiles that affect the behavioural response of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto to an active kairomone blend: Laboratory and semi-field assays, Renate C. Smallegange, Gabriella Bukovinszkiné-Kiss, Bruno Otieno, Phoebe A. Mbadi, Willem Takken, Wolfgang R. Mukabana, and Joop J.A. Van Loon
Identification of root-knot nematode species occurring on tomatoes in Kenya: Use of isozyme phenotypes and PCR-RFLP, Rael Birithia, Wanjohi Waceke, Peter Lomo, and Daniel Masiga
Integrated mosquito larval source management reduces larval numbers in two highland villages in western Kenya, Susan S. Imbahale, Andrew Githeko, Wolfgang R. Mukabana, and Willem Takken
Life history of Oplostomus haroldi (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) under laboratory conditions and a description of its third instar larva, Ayuka T. Fombong, Fabian Haas, Paul N. Ndegwa, and Lucy W. Irungu
Mass spectral determination of phenylacetonitrile (PAN) levels in body tissues of adult desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, Peris W. Amwayi, Daniel K. Masiga, Prem Govender, Peter E.A. Teal, and Baldwyn Torto
Mediation of a Plant-Spider Association by Specific Volatile Compounds, Ximena J. Nelson, Andrew J. Pratt, Xavier Cheseto, Baldwyn Torto, and Robert R. Jackson
Mosquito species abundance and diversity in Malindi, Kenya and their potential implication in pathogen transmission, Joseph M. Mwangangi, Janet Midega, Samuel Kahindi, Laban Njoroge, Joseph Nzovu, John Githure, Charles M. Mbogo, and John C. Beier
Nectar meals of a mosquito-specialist spider, Josiah O. Kuja, Robert R. Jackson, Godfrey O. Sune, Rebecca N.H. Karanja, Zipporah O. Lagat, and Georgina E. Carvell
New evidence on the mechanics of wing unfolding in dermaptera (Insecta), Fabian Haas, Justin Tan Chek Hwen, and Hung Bun Tang
Oviposition Induced Volatile Emissions from African Smallholder Farmers' Maize Varieties, Amanuel Tamiru, Toby J.A. Bruce, Charles A.O. Midega, Christine M. Woodcock, Michael A. Birkett, John A. Pickett, and Zeyaur R. Khan
Palaeoenvironmental shifts drove the adaptive radiation of a noctuid stemborer tribe (lepidoptera, noctuidae, apameini) in the Miocene, Emmanuel F.A. Toussaint, Fabien L. Condamine, Gael J. Kergoat, Claire Capdevielle-Dulac, Jérôme Barbut, Jean François Silvain, and Bruno P. Le Ru
Performance of a semiochemical-baited autoinoculation device treated with Metarhizium anisopliae for control of Frankliniella occidentalis on French bean in field cages, S. Niassy, N. K. Maniania, S. Subramanian, L. M. Gitonga, and S. Ekesi