Submissions from 2011
The genus Brevinychus Meyer (Acari: Tetranychidae) with the description of a new species from Tanzania, Faith J. Toroitich, Edward A. Ueckermann, Pieter D. Theron, Markus Knapp, and Fabian Haas
Tracking the feeding patterns of tsetse flies (glossina genus) by analysis of bloodmeals using mitochondrial cytochromes genes, Catherine N. Muturi, Johnson O. Ouma, Imna I. Malele, Raphael M. Ngure, Jane J. Rutto, Klaus M. Mithöfer, John Enyaru, and Daniel K. Masiga
Ultra-prolonged activation of CO2-sensing neurons disorients mosquitoes, Stephanie Lynn Turner, Nan Li, Tom Guda, John Githure, Ring T. Cardé, and Anandasankar Ray
Variability in the reproductive biology and in resistance against Cotesia sesamiae among two Busseola fusca populations, P. A. Calatayud, C. Gitau, S. Calatayud, S. Dupas, B. Le Ru, and J. F. Silvain
Vegetation and the importance of insecticide-treated target siting for control of glossina fuscipes fuscipes, Johan Esterhuizen, Basilio Njiru, Glyn A. Vale, Michael J. Lehane, and Stephen J. Torr
Wide-scale application of Bti/Bs biolarvicide in different aquatic habitat types in urban and peri-urban Malindi, Kenya, Joseph M. Mwangangi, Samuel C. Kahindi, Lydiah W. Kibe, Joseph G. Nzovu, Peter Luethy, John I. Githure, and Charles M. Mbogo
Will the convention on biological diversity put an end to biological control?, Joop C. van Lenteren, Matthew J.W. Cock, Jacques Brodeur, Barbara I.P. Barratt, Franz Bigler, Karel Bolckmans, Fabian Haas, Peter G. Mason, and José Roberto P. Parra
Submissions from 2010
Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) and oplostomus haroldi (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): Occurrence in Kenya, distribution within honey bee colonies, and responses to host odors, Baldwyn Torto, Ayuka T. Fombong, Daniel M. Mutyambai, Eliud Muli, Richard T. Arbogast, and Peter E.A. Teal
Agrifood supply chain, private-sector standards, and farmers' health: Evidence from Kenya, Solomon Asfaw, Dagmar Mithöfer, and Hermann Waibel
Anopheles larval abundance and diversity in three rice agro-village complexes Mwea irrigation scheme, central Kenya, Joseph M. Mwangangi, Josephat Shililu, Ephantus J. Muturi, Simon Muriu, Benjamin Jacob, Ephantus W. Kabiru, Charles M. Mbogo, John Githure, and Robert J. Novak
Antimosquito and antimicrobial clerodanoids and a chlorobenzenoid from Tessmannia species, Charles Kihampa, Mayunga H.H. Nkunya, Cosam C. Joseph, Stephen M. Magesa, Ahmed Hassanali, Matthias Heydenreich, and Erich Kleinpeter
Arm-in-cage testing of natural human-derived mosquito repellents, James G. Logan, Nina M. Stanczyk, Ahmed Hassanali, Joshua Kemei, Antônio E.G. Santana, Karlos A.L. Ribeiro, John A. Pickett, and A. Jennifer Mordue
Attraction of Anopheles gambiae to odour baits augmented with heat and moisture, Evelyn A. Olanga, Michael N. Okal, Phoebe A. Mbadi, Elizabeth D. Kokwaro, and Wolfgang R. Mukabana
Attraction response of adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus pulchellus (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks to extracts from Calpurnia aurea (Fabaceae), P. Nana, N. K. Maniania, R. O. Maranga, H. L. Kutima, H. I. Boga, F. Nchu, and J. N. Eloff
Biological cost of tolerance to heavy metals in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae, P. O. Mireji, J. Keating, A. Hassanali, C. M. Mbogo, M. N. Muturi, J. I. Githure, and J. C. Beier
Broad-spectrum arthropod resistance in hybrids between high-and low-acylsugar tomato lines, Wilson Roberto Maluf, Gabriel Mascarenhas Maciel, Luiz Antonio Augusto Gomes, Maria das Graças Cardoso, Luciano Donizete Gonçalves, Ernani Clarete da Silva, and Markus Knapp
Characterization and evaluation of repellent effect of essential oil of mangifera indica L. from Kenya, O. J. Alwala, W. Wanzala, R. A. Inyambukho, E. M. Osundwa, and I. O. Ndiege
Chemical Ecology of Animal and Human Pathogen Vectors in a Changing Global Climate, John A. Pickett, Michael A. Birkett, Sarah Y. Dewhirst, James G. Logan, Maurice O. Omolo, Baldwyn Torto, Julien Pelletier, Zainulabeuddin Syed, and Walter S. Leal
Companion cropping to manage parasitic plants, John A. Pickett, Mary L. Hamilton, Antony M. Hooper, Zeyaur R. Khan, and Charles A.O. Midega
Comparative responses of ovipositing Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus females to the presence of Culex egg rafts and larvae, S. W. Wachira, M. Ndung'u, P. G.N. Njagi, and A. Hassanali
Constituents of the essential oil of Suregada zanzibariensis leaves are repellent to the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae s.s., Ester Innocent, Cosam C. Joseph, Nicholas K. Gikonyo, Mayunga H.H. Nkunya, and Ahmed Hassanali
Control of cuticle sclerotization in two species of tsetse fly larvae (Diptera: Glossinidae), David L. Whitehead
Control of invasive Liriomyza leafminer species and compliance with food safety standards by small scale snow pea farmers in Kenya, Zachary Maina Gitonga, Adenirin Chabi-Olaye, Dagmar Mithöfer, Julius Juma Okello, and Cecilia Nyawira Ritho
Do new Access and Benefit Sharing procedures under the Convention on Biological Diversity threaten the future of biological control?, Matthew J.W. Cock, Joop C. van Lenteren, Jacques Brodeur, Barbara I.P. Barratt, Franz Bigler, Karel Bolckmans, Fernando L. Cônsoli, Fabian Haas, Peter G. Mason, and José Roberto P. Parra
Ecological niche and potential geographic distribution of the invasive fruit fly Bactrocera invadens (Diptera, Tephritidae), M. De Meyer, M. P. Robertson, M. W. Mansell, S. Ekesi, K. Tsuruta, W. Mwaiko, J. F. Vayssières, and A. T. Peterson
Ecology: A prerequisite for malaria elimination and eradication, Heather M. Ferguson, Anna Dornhaus, Arlyne Beeche, Christian Borgemeister, Michael Gottlieb, Mir S. Mulla, John E. Gimnig, Durland Fish, and Gerry F. Killeen
Economic analysis of different options in integrated pest and soil fertility management in maize systems of Western Kenya, Hugo De Groote, Bernard Vanlauwe, Esther Rutto, George D. Odhiambo, Fred Kanampiu, and Zeyaur R. Khan
Economic threshold for the management of Plutella xylostella with granulovirus in cauliflower ecosystem, S. Subramanian, R. J. Rabindra, and N. Sathiah
Effect of African nightshade species (Solanaceae) on developmental time and life table parameters of Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae), Lucy Kananu Murungi, Aggrey Nyende, John Wesonga, Peter Masinde, and Markus Knapp
Effect of seasons and larval food plants on the quality of Gonometa postica cocoons, Ken O. Fening, Esther N. Kioko, Suresh K. Raina, and Jones M. Mueke
Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis CRY1A(c) δ-endotoxin on growth, nodulation and productivity of beans [Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) and siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum DC.)], H. M. Makonde, F. K. Lenga, D. Masiga, S. Mugo, and H. I. Boga
Efficiency of Phytoseiulus longipes evans as a control agent of Tetranychus evansi baker & pritchard (Acari: Phytoseiidae: Tetranychidae) on screenhouse tomatoes, Fernando R. da Silva, Gilberto J. de Moraes, Manoel G.C. Gondim, Markus Knapp, Sigrid L. Rouam, Jefferson L.A. Paes, and Guilherme M. de Oliveira
Evaluation of maize (zea mays l.) genotypes as a component of integrated stem borer (chilo partellus swinhoe) management in coastal region of Kenya, S. O. Ajala, A. M. Nour, K. Ampong-Nyarko, and M. O. Odindo
Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push-pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa, Zeyaur R. Khan, Charles A.O. Midega, Toby J.A. Bruce, Antony M. Hooper, and John A. Pickett
Expression of metallothionein and α-tubulin in heavy metal-tolerant Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae), Paul O. Mireji, Joseph Keating, Ahmed Hassanali, Daniel E. Impoinvil, Charles M. Mbogo, Martha N. Muturi, Hudson Nyambaka, Eucharia U. Kenya, John I. Githure, and John C. Beier
Factors affecting stem borer parasitoid species diversity and parasitism in cultivated and natural habitats, Duna Madu Mailafiya, Bruno Pierre Le Ru, Eunice Waitherero Kairu, Paul André Calatayud, and Stéphane Dupas
Genome-wide patterns of gene expression during aging in the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, Mei Hui Wang, Osvaldo Marinotti, Anthony A. James, Edward Walker, John Githure, and Guiyun Yan
Geographic and breed distribution patterns of an A/G polymorphism present in the Mx gene suggests balanced selection in village chickens, S. Ommeh, L. N. Jin, H. Eding, F. C. Muchadeyi, S. Sulandari, M. S.A. Zein, G. Danbaro, C. E. Wani, S. G. Zhao, Q. H. Nie, X. Q. Zhang, M. Ndila, R. Preisinger, G. H. Chen, I. A. Yousif, K. N. Heo, S. J. Oh, M. Tapio, D. Masiga, O. Hanotte, H. Jianlin, and S. Weigend
Geographic distribution, host range and perennation of Cotesia sesamiae and Cotesia flavipes Cameron in cultivated and natural habitats in Kenya, Duna Madu Mailafiya, Bruno Pierre Le Ru, Eunice Waitherero Kairu, Paul André Calatayud, and Stéphane Dupas
High fertilizer rates increase susceptibility of tea to water stress, Erick K. Cheruiyot, Louis M. Mumera, Wilson K. Ng'etich, Ahmed Hassanali, and Francis N. Wachira
Host recognition and acceptance behaviour in Cotesia sesamiae and C. flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), parasitoids of gramineous stemborers in Africa, Meshack Obonyo, Fritz Schulthess, Bruno Le Ru, Johnnie van den Berg, and Paul André Calatayud
Impact of Aspergillus section Flavi community structure on the development of lethal levels of aflatoxins in Kenyan maize (Zea mays), C. Probst, F. Schulthess, and P. J. Cotty
Importance of contact chemical cues in host recognition and acceptance by the braconid larval endoparasitoids Cotesia sesamiae and Cotesia flavipes, Meshack Obonyo, Fritz Schulthess, Bruno Le Ru, Johnnie van den Berg, Jean François Silvain, and Paul André Calatayud
Integrated management of Striga hermonthica and cereal stemborers in finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) through intercropping with Desmodium intortum, Charles A.O. Midega, Zeyaur R. Khan, David M. Amudavi, Jimmy Pittchar, and John A. Pickett
In vitro effects of Warburgia ugandensis, Psiadia punctulata and Chasmanthera dependens on Leishmania major promastigotes, Edward K. Githinji, Lucy W. Irungu, Willy K. Tonui, Geoffrey M. Rukunga, Charles Mutai, Charles N. Muthaura, Reuben Lugalia, Geoffrey Gikandi, Caroline W. Wainaina, Johnston M. Ingonga, and Antony Wanjoya
Isoschaftoside, a C-glycosylflavonoid from Desmodium uncinatum root exudate, is an allelochemical against the development of Striga, Antony M. Hooper, Muniru K. Tsanuo, Keith Chamberlain, Kay Tittcomb, Julie Scholes, Ahmed Hassanali, Zeyaur R. Khan, and John A. Pickett
Is quality more important than quantity? Insect behavioural responses to changes in a volatile blend after stemborer oviposition on an African grass, Toby J.A. Bruce, Charles A.O. Midega, Michael A. Birkett, John A. Pickett, and Zeyaur R. Khan
Landmarks in the evolution of technologies for identifying trypanosomes in tsetse flies, John C. Enyaru, Johnson O. Ouma, Imna I. Malele, Enock Matovu, and Daniel K. Masiga
Linkage disequilibrium and natural selection for mimicry in the Batesian mimic Hypolimnas misippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the Afrotropics, Ian J. Gordon, Malcolm Edmunds, John A. EDgar, James Lawrence, and David A.S. Smith
Molecular diagnosis of a previously unreported predator-prey association in coffee: Karnyothrips flavipes Jones (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) predation on the coffee berry borer, Juliana Jaramillo, Eric G. Chapman, Fernando E. Vega, and James D. Harwood
Monitoring Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) with baited bottom board traps: Occurrence and seasonal abundance in honey bee colonies in Kenya, Baldwyn Torto, Ayuka T. Fombong, Richard T. Arbogast, and Peter E.A. Teal
Nestmate recognition and the role of cuticular hydrocarbons in the African termite raiding ant Pachycondyla analis, Abdullahi A. Yusuf, Christian W.W. Pirk, Robin M. Crewe, Peter G.N. Njagi, Ian Gordon, and Baldwyn Torto
New biologically active compounds from Kenyan propolis, Assya Petrova, Milena Popova, Christina Kuzmanova, Iva Tsvetkova, Hristo Naydenski, Eliud Muli, and Vassya Bankova
Novel cross-stage solitarising effect of gregarious-phase adult desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål)) pheromone on hoppers, Magzoub O. Bashir and Ahmed Hassanali
Old and new host-parasitoid associations: Parasitism of the invasive fruit fly Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) and five African fruit fly species by Fopius arisanus, an Asian opiine parasitoid, Samira A. Mohamed, Sunday Ekesi, and Rachid Hanna
Olfactory search-image use by a mosquito-eating predator, Fiona R. Cross and Robert R. Jackson
Optimizing modes of inoculation of Rhipicephalus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) with a mitosporic entomopathogenic fungus in the laboratory, Felix Nchu, Nguya Kalemba Maniania, Ahmed Hassanali, and Kobus N. Eloff
Ovaries and germline cysts and their evolution in Dermaptera (Insecta), Wacław Tworzydło, Szczepan M. Biliński, Petr Kočárek, and Fabian Haas
Participatory evaluation of integrated pest and soil fertility management options using ordered categorical data analysis, Hugo De Groote, Esther Rutto, George Odhiambo, Fred Kanampiu, Zeyaur Khan, Richard Coe, and Bernard Vanlauwe
Pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi metarhizium anisopliae and beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) isolates to the adult pea leafminer (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and prospects of an autoinoculation device for infection in the field, L. N. Migiro, N. K. Maniania, A. Chabi-Olaye, and J. Vandenberg
Performance of a Metarhizium anisopliae-treated semiochemical-baited trap in reducing Amblyomma variegatum populations in the field, F. Nchu, N. K. Maniania, A. Hassanali, and J. N. Eloff
Performance of Trichogrammatoidea sp. nr lutea Girault (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) collected from Mussidia spp. in Kenya on eggs of six lepidopteran hosts, B. K. Muli, F. Schulthess, and J. van den Berg
Population genetic structure of anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in a rice growing area of central kenya, Ephantus J. Muturi, Chang Hyun Kim, Frederick N. Baliraine, Solomon Musani, Benjamin Jacob, John Githure, and Robert J. Novak
Population structure of Anopheles gambiae along the Kenyan coast, Janet T. Midega, Ephantus J. Muturi, Frederick N. Baliraine, Charles M. Mbogo, John Githure, John C. Beier, and Guiyun Yan
Potential for population growth of the small hive beetle Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) on diets of pollen dough and oranges, Richard T. Arbogast, Baldwyn Torto, and Peter E.A. Teal
Prospects for the Development of Odour Baits to Control the Tsetse Flies Glossina tachinoidesand G. palpalis s.l., J. B. Rayaisse, I. Tirados, D. Kaba, S. Y. Dewhirst, J. G. Logan, A. Diarrassouba, E. Salou, M. O. Omolo, P. Solano, M. J. Lehane, J. A. Pickett, G. A. Vale, S. J. Torr, and J. Esterhuizen
Quantifying stochastic error propagation in Bayesian parametric estimates using non-linear parameters of Anopheles gambiae s.l. habitats, Benjamin George Jacob, James Gunter, Xavier Caamano Erick, Alexander Gathings David, John Githure, Larry Regens James, and John Novak Robert
Reinforcement in hybrids among once isolated semispecies of Danaus chrysippus (L.) and evidence for sex chromosome evolution, David A.S. Smith, Ian J. Gordon, and John A. Allen
Sacred sites as hotspots for biodiversity: The Three Sisters Cave complex in coastal Kenya, Kristian Metcalfe, Richard Ffrench-Constant, and Ian Gordon
Specialized prey selection behavior of two east african assassin bugs, Scipinnia repax and Nagusta sp. that prey on social jumping spiders, Robert R. Jackson, Kathryn Salm, and Ximena J. Nelson
Sugar-fermenting yeast as an organic source of carbon dioxide to attract the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae, Renate C. Smallegange, Wolfgang H. Schmied, Karel J. Van Roey, Niels O. Verhulst, Jeroen Spitzen, Wolfgang R. Mukabana, and Willem Takken
Systematics and molecular phylogeny of two African stem borer genera, Sciomesa Tams & Bowden and Carelis Bowden (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), P. Moyal, B. Le Ru, D. Conlong, D. Cugala, B. Defabachew, T. Matama-Kauma, B. Pallangyo, and J. Van Den Berg
Temperature-dependent development and emergence pattern of hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) from coffee berries, Juliana Jaramillo, Adenirin Chabi-Olaye, and Christian Borgemeister
The attentive spider: Search-image use by a mosquito-eating predator, Fiona R. Cross and Robert R. Jackson
The potential of the extracts of Tagetes minuta Linnaeus (Asteraceae), Acalypha fruticosa Forssk (Euphorbiaceae) and Tarchonanthus camphoratus L. (Compositae) against Phlebotomus duboscqi Neveu Lemaire (Diptera: Psychodidae), the vector for Leishmania major Yakimoff and Schokhor, Laban N. Ireri, Jedida Kongoro, Peter Ngure, Charles Mutai, Bernard Langat, Willy Tonui, Albert Kimutai, and Obadiah Mucheru
The role for osmotic agents in children with acute encephalopathies: A systematic review, Samson Gwer, Hellen Gatakaa, Leah Mwai, Richard Idro, and Charles R. Newton
Use of sleeve nets to improve survival of the Boisduval silkworm, Anaphe panda, in the Kakamega Forest of western Kenya, N. Mbahin, S. K. Raina, E. N. Kioko, and J. M. Mueke
Submissions from 2009
Abundance and distribution of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), in Late Valencia citrus orchards in Ghana, E. F. Appiah, K. Afreh-Nuamah, and D. Obeng-Ofori
Aggressive use of Batesian mimicry by an ant-like jumping spider, Ximena J. Nelson and Robert R. Jackson
A heteroskedastic error covariance matrix estimator using a first-order conditional autoregressive Markov simulation for deriving asympotical efficient estimates from ecological sampled Anopheles arabiensis aquatic habitat covariates, Benjamin G. Jacob, Daniel A. Griffith, Ephantus J. Muturi, Erick X. Caamano, John I. Githure, and Robert J. Novak
A new species of Munromyia Bezzi (Diptera: Tephritidae) reared from Chionanthus battiscombei (Oleaceae) in Northern Kenya, Robert S. Copeland
Anti-mosquito and antimicrobial nor-halimanoids, isocoumarins and an anilinoid from Tessmannia densiflora, Charles Kihampa, Mayunga H.H. Nkunya, Cosam C. Joseph, Stephen M. Magesa, Ahmed Hassanali, Matthias Heydenreich, and Erich Kleinpeter
Aphanogmus sp. (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronidae): A hyperparasitoid of the coffee berry borer parasitoid Prorops nasuta (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) in Kenya, Juliana Jaramillo and Fernando E. Vega
Assessing the impact of biological control of Plutella xylostella through the application of Lotka-Volterra model, Henri E.Z. Tonnang, Lev V. Nedorezov, Horace Ochanda, John Owino, and Bernhard Löhr
Assessment of technical efficiency of farmer teachers in the uptake and dissemination of push-pull technology in Western Kenya, D. M. Amudavi, Z. R. Khan, J. M. Wanyama, C. A.O. Midega, J. Pittchar, I. M. Nyangau, A. Hassanali, and J. A. Pickett
Association of maize streak virus disease and its vectors (Homoptera: Cicadelidae) with soil macronutrients and altitudes in Kenya, O. E.V. Magenya, J. Mueke, and C. Omwega
Bed net use and associated factors in a rice farming community in Central Kenya, Peter N. Ng'ang'a, Gayathri Jayasinghe, Violet Kimani, Josephat Shililu, Charity Kabutha, Lucy Kabuage, John Githure, and Clifford Mutero
Collective Batesian mimicry of ant groups by aggregating spiders, Ximena J. Nelson and Robert R. Jackson
Cross-modality priming of visual and olfactory selective attention by a spider that feeds indirectly on vertebrate blood, Fiona R. Cross and Robert R. Jackson
Describing Anopheles arabiensis aquatic habitats in two riceland agro-ecosystems in Mwea, Kenya using a negative binomial regression model with a non-homogenous mean, Benjamin G. Jacob, Daniel Griffith, Ephantus Muturi, Erick X. Caamano, Josephat Shililu, John I. Githure, and Robert J. Novak
Development of an improved laboratory production technique for the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei, using fresh coffee berries, Juliana Jaramillo, Adenirin Chabi-Olaye, Hans Michael Poehling, Charles Kamonjo, and Christian Borgemeister
Diel and lifetime patterns of feeding and reproductive activities of three African fruit flies, Ceratitis cosyra, C. fasciventris and C. capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), in semi-field cages of different spatial scales, A. Manrakhan and S. A. Lux
Diversity Cascades and malaria vectors, John C. Carlson, Lee A. Dyer, Francois X. Omlin, and John C. Beier
Diversity, distribution and role of wild crucifers in major cabbage and kale growing areas of Kenya, R. Kahuthia-Gathu, B. Löhr, H. M. Poehling, and P. K. Mbugua
Dynamics of cocoa pollination: Tools and applications for surveying and monitoring cocoa pollinators, E. A. Frimpong, I. Gordon, P. K. Kwapong, and B. Gemmill-Herren
Effect of Metarhizium anisopliae inoculation on the mating behavior of three species of African Tephritid fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata, Ceratitis cosyra and Ceratitis fasciventris, Susan Dimbi, Nguya K. Maniania, and Sunday Ekesi
Egg parasitoids of noctuid stemborers on maize in Kenya, Yaovi Anani Bruce, Fritz Schulthess, Jones Mueke, and Linnet Gohole
EU food safety standards, pesticide use and farm-level productivity: The case of high-value crops in Kenya, Solomon Asfaw, Dagmar Mithöfer, and Hermann Waibel
Evaluation of farmers' field days as a dissemination tool for push-pull technology in Western Kenya, David M. Amudavi, Zeyaur R. Khan, Japhether M. Wanyama, Charles A.O. Midega, Jimmy Pittchar, Ahmed Hassanali, and John A. Pickett
Evidence for competitive displacement of ceratitis cosyra by the invasive fruit fly bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) on mango and mechanisms contributing to the displacement, Sunday Ekesi, Maxwell K. Billah, Peterson W. Nderitu, Slawomir A. Lux, and Ivan Rwomushana