Submissions from 2006
Diel periodicity in the production of green leaf volatiles by wild and cultivated host plants of stemborer moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca, K. Chamberlain, Z. R. Khan, J. A. Pickett, T. Toshova, and L. J. Wadhams
Differential induction of proteins in Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae in response to heavy metal selection, Paul Odhiambo Mireji, Joseph Keating, Eucharia Kenya, Charles Mbogo, Hudson Nyambaka, Ellie Osir, John Githure, and John Beier
Distribution and relative importance of cereal stem borers and their natural enemies in the semi-arid and cool-wet ecozones of the Amhara State of Ethiopia, Melaku Wale, Fritz Schulthess, Eunice W. Kairu, and Charles O. Omwega
Distribution, pest status and agro-climatic preferences of lepidopteran stem borers of maize in Kenya, Georges O. Ong’amo, Bruno P. Le Rü, Stéphane Dupas, Pascal Moyal, Paul André Calatayud, and Jean François Silvain
Diversity and abundance of wild host plants of lepidopteran stem borers in two different agroecological zones of Kenya, Nicholas A. Otieno, Bruno P. Le Rü, George O. Ong’amo, Stéphane Dupas, Paul André Calatayud, Martha Makobe, John Ochora, and Jean François Silvain
Diversity of lepidopteran stem borers on monocotyledonous plants in eastern Africa and the islands of Madagascar and Zanzibar revisited, B. P. Le Ru, G. O. Ong'amo, P. Moyal, L. Ngala, B. Musyoka, Z. Abdullah, D. Cugala, B. Defabachew, T. A. Haile, T. Kauma Matama, V. Y. Lada, B. Negassi, K. Pallangyo, J. Ravolonandrianina, A. Sidumo, C. O. Omwega, F. Schulthess, P. A. Calatayud, and J. F. Silvain
Does a specialist parasitoid adapt to its host on a new host plant?, A. Roßbach, B. Löhr, and S. Vidal
Dynamics of gene introgression in the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, Daibin Zhong, Emmanuel A. Temu, Tom Guda, Louis Gouagna, David Menge, Aditi Pai, John Githure, John C. Beier, and Guiyun Yan
Dynamics of immature stages of Anopheles arabiensis and other mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) in relation to rice cropping in a rice agro-ecosystem in Kenya, Joseph Mwangangi, Josephat Shililu, Ephantus Muturi, Weidong Gu, Charles Mbogo, Ephantus Kabiru, Benjamin Jacob, John Githure, and Robert Novak
Effect of imidacloprid on the reproduction of acaricide-resistant and susceptible strains of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), Mouhoube Ako, Hans Michael Poehling, Christian Borgemeister, and Ralf Nauen
Effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia leaf extracts on three Lepidoptera species, J. Arnubio Valencia, Brigitte Frérot, Herve Guénego, Diego F. Múnera, Maria Fátima de Sá Grossi, and Paul André Calatayud
Effect of nitrogen fertilizer level on infestations of lepidopterous stemborers and yields of maize in Zanzibar, Abdalla I. Ali, Nanqing Jiang, Fritz Schulthess, Callistus K.P.O. Ogol, and Charles O. Omwega
Effect of temperature on developmental time and longevity of Psyttalia cosyrae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Samira A. Mohamed, William A. Overholt, Robert A. Wharton, and Slawomir A. Lux
Effect of wild grasses planted as border rows on stemborer infestations in maize in Uganda), Teddy Matama-Kauma, Fritz Schulthess, Jones M. Mueke, Charles O. Omwega, and James A. Ogwang
Effects of anti-Leishmania monoclonal antibodies on the development of Leishmania major in Phlebotomus duboscqi (Diptera: Psychodidae), C. Anjili, B. Langat, P. Ngumbi, P. A. Mbati, J. Githure, and W. K. Tonui
Effects of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae on mortality, fecundity and egg fertility of Tetranychus evansi, V. W. Wekesa, M. Knapp, N. K. Maniania, and H. I. Boga
Electrophysiological responses of the lepidopterous stemborers Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca to volatiles from wild and cultivated host plants, M. A. Birkett, K. Chamberlain, Z. R. Khan, J. A. Pickett, T. Toshova, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock
Estimation of the minimum number of Leishmania major amastigotes required for infecting Phlebotomus duboscqi (Diptera: Psychodidae), C. Anjili, B. Langat, R. Lugalia, P. Mwanyumba, P. Ngumbi, P. A. Mbati, J. Githure, and W. K. Tonui
Factors affecting the bionomics of the eastern African egg parasitoid Trichogramma bournieri Pintureau & Babault (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), Anani Yaovi Bruce, Fritz Schulthess, and Jones Mueke
Farmers' perceptions of importance, control practices and alternative hosts of maize stemborers in Uganda, T. Kalule, Z. R. Khan, G. Bigirwa, J. Alupo, S. Okanya, J. A. Pickett, and L. J. Wadhams
Field infestation, life history and demographic parameters of the fruit fly Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Africa, S. Ekesi, P. W. Nderitu, and I. Rwomushana
Field superparasitism by Phymastichus coffea, a parasitoid of adult coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei, Juliana Jaramillo, Christian Borgemeister, and Mamoudou Setamou
From population to species: Morphological and molecular diversity in east African stem borer species of the genus Manga Bowden 1956 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Pascal Moyal and Bruno Le Rü
Geographic distribution and host plant ranges of East African noctuid stem borers, Bruno Pierre Le Rü, George Otieno Ong’amo, Pascal Moyal, Eric Muchugu, Leonard Ngala, Boaz Musyoka, Zainab Abdullah, Teddy Matama-Kauma, Vuai Yahya Lada, Beatrice Pallangyo, Charles O. Omwega, Fritz Schulthess, Paul André Calatayud, and Jean François Silvain
Geographic distribution, host fruit, and parasitoids of African fruit fly pests Ceratitis anonae, Ceratitis cosyra, Ceratitis fasciventris, and Ceratitis rosa (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Kenya, Robert S. Copeland, Robert A. Wharton, Quentin Luke, Marc De Meyer, Slawomir Lux, Nikolaus Zenz, Peris Machera, and Millicent Okumu
Glossina proteolytic lectin does not require a carbohydrate moiety for enzymatic or trypanosome-transforming activities, Daniel N. Amin, Shizuo G. Kamita, Geoffrey M. Muluvi, Jesse Machuka, Bruce D. Hammock, and Ellie O. Osir
Host shift to peas in the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and response of its parasitoid Diadegma mollipla (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), A. Rossbach, B. Löhr, and S. Vidal
Hybrids Pre-zygotic barriers in hybrids between forms wild cowpea, Vigna unguilata (l.) walp, Daouda Kouadio, André Toussaint, Rémy S. Pasquet, and Jean Pierre Baudoin
Identification of priority areas in South America for exploration of natural enemies for classical biological control of Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Africa, Komi K.M. Fiaboe, Rafael L. Fonseca, Gilberto J. de Moraes, Callistus K.P.O. Ogol, and Markus Knapp
Influence of optical cues from conspecific females on escalation decisions during male-male interactions of jumping spiders, Fiona R. Cross, Robert R. Jackson, Simon D. Pollard, and Mark W. Walker
Influence of soil quality in the larval habitat on development of Anopheles gambiae Giles, O. Pfaehler, D. O. Oulo, L. C. Gouagna, J. Githure, and P. M. Guerin
Interspecific competition between Xanthopimpla stemmator Thunberg and Dentichasmias busseolae Heinrich (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), pupal parasitoids attacking Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in East Africa, Benjamin K. Muli, Fritz Schulthess, Rosebella O. Maranga, Helen L. Kutima, and Nanqing Jiang
Maize stemborer predator activity under ‘push – pull’ system and Bt-maize: A potential component in managing Bt resistance, Charles A.O. Midega, Zeyaur R. Khan, Johnnie Van Den Berg, Callistus K.P.O. Ogol, John A. Pickett, and Lester J. Wadhams
Management of witchweed, Striga hermonthica, and stemborers in sorghum, Sorghum bicolor, through intercropping with greenleaf desmodium, Desmodium intortum, Zeyaur R. Khan, Charles A.O. Midega, Ahmed Hassanali, John A. Pickett, Lester J. Wadhams, and Anthony Wanjoya
Mate location mechanism and phase-related mate preferences in solitarius desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, Sidi Ould Ely, Hassan Mahamat, Peter G.N. Njagi, Magzoub Omer Bashir, Salah El-Tom El-Amin, and Ahmed Hassanali
Migration, trapping and local dynamics of whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), L. Riis and G. Nachman
Moderate effect of artemisinin-based combination therapy on transmission of Plasmodium falciparum, J. Teun Bousema, Petra Schneider, Louis C. Gouagna, Chris J. Drakeley, Alma Tostmann, Rein Houben, John I. Githure, Rosalynn Ord, Colin J. Sutherland, Sabah A. Omar, and Robert W. Sauerwein
Molecular characterization of a tsetse fly midgut proteolytic lectin that mediates differentiation of African trypanosomes, Laila U. Abubakar, Wallace D. Bulimo, Francis J. Mulaa, and Ellie O. Osir
Molecular diagnostics of economically important Ceratitis fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Africa using PCR and RFLP analyses, N. B. Barr, R. S. Copeland, M. De Meyer, D. Masiga, H. G. Kibogo, M. K. Billah, E. Osir, R. A. Wharton, and B. A. McPheron
Mosquito mating behaviour, Willem Takken, Carlo Costantini, Guimogo Dolo, Ahmed Hassanali, N'Fale Sagnon, and Eli Osir
Mosquito species diversity and abundance in relation to land use in a riceland agroecosystems in Mwea, Kenya, Ephantus J. Muturi, Josephat Shililu, Benjamin Jacob, Weidong Gu, John Githure, and Robert Novak
Multiparasitism by the pupal parasitoids, Xanthopimpla stemmator (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Pediobius furvus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on two African cereal stemborers, Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), John J. Muturi, Adele J. Ngi-Song, Jones M. Mueke, Mamoudou Sétamou, Fritz Schulthess, and Nanqing Jiang
New bioassay method to assess the pathogenicity of Colombian strains of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin and Paecilomyces sp. (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) against the subterranean burrower bug Cyrtomenus bergi Froeschner (Hemiptera: Cydnidae), Juliana Jaramillo and Christian Borgemeister
New records of Anopheles arabiensis breeding on the Mount Kenya highlands indicate indigenous malaria transmission, Hong Chen, Andrew K. Githeko, Guofa Zhou, John I. Githure, and Guiyun Yan
Notommima parallela, a new genus and species of fruit fly from Kenya allied to Notomma Bezzi (Diptera: Tephritidae), A. Freidberg and R. S. Copeland
Oviposition behavior of female Anopheles gambiae in eestern Kenya inferred from microsatellite markers, Hong Chen, Ulrike Fillinger, and Guiyun Yan
Parasitism of Plutella xylostella L. feeding on a new host plant, A. Rossbach, B. Löhr, and S. Vidal
Performance of a prototype baited-trap in attracting and infecting the tick Amblyomma variegatum (Acari: Ixodidae) in field experiments, R. O. Maranga, A. Hassanali, G. P. Kaaya, and J. M. Mueke
Phylogenetic study of Diadegma species (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) inferred from analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences, Barbara Wagener, Annette Reineke, Bernhard Löhr, and Claus P.W. Zebitz
Phylogeographic pattern and regional evolutionary history of the maize stalk borer Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in sub-Saharan Africa, Michel Sezonlin, Stéphane Dupas, Bruno Le Rü, Nathalie Faure, Philippe Le Gall, and Jean François Silvain
Phylogeography and population genetics of the maize stalk borer Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in sub-Saharan Africa, M. Sezonlin, S. Dupas, B. Le Rü, P. Le Gall, P. Moyal, P. A. Calatayud, I. Giffard, N. Faure, and J. F. Silvain
Population models for threshold-based control of Tetranychus urticae in small-scale Kenyan tomato fields and for evaluating weather and host plant species effects, Markus Knapp, Ibrahima Sarr, Gianni Gilioli, and Johann Baumgärtner
Potential of neem, Azadirachta indica A. Juss., in the management of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) on maize in Kenya, H. Tekie, E. Seyoum, and R. C. Saxena
Prospects of a fungus-contamination device for the control of tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes fuscipes, Nguya K. Maniania, Sunday Ekesi, Adedapo Odulaja, Mathilda A. Okech, and David J. Nadel
Quantitative trait loci controlling refractoriness to Plasmodium falciparum in natural Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes from a malaria-endemic region in western Kenya, David M. Menge, Daibin Zhong, Tom Guda, Louis Gouagna, John Githure, John Beier, and Guiyun Yan
Relationships of soil fertility and stem borers damage to yield in maize-based cropping system in Cameroon, Adenirin Chabi-Olaye, Christian Nolte, Fritz Schulthess, and Christian Borgemeister
Release and establishment of Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) an exotic parasitoid of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in East and Southern Africa, Charles O. Omwega, Eric Muchugu, William A. Overholt, and Fritz Schulthess
Reproductive isolation and differentiation between five populations of Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), parasitoid of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), Claudia Rincon, Dominique Bordat, Bernhard Löhr, and Stéphane Dupas
Resistance risks of Bt cotton and their management in Brazil, G. P. Fitt, C. Omoto, A. De H.N. Maia, J. M. Waquil, M. Caprio, M. A. Okech, E. Cia, Nguyen Huu Huan, and David A. Andow
Role of inland valleys in the management of stem borers and their natural enemies in upland maize fields in the humid forest zone of Cameroon, Adenirin Chabi-Olaye, Christian Nolte, Fritz Schulthess, and Christian Borgemeister
Search for effective natural enemies of Tetranychus evansi in south and southeast Brazil, Imeuda P. Furtado, Gilberto J. De Moraes, Serge Kreiter, and Markus Knapp
Sexual dimorphism of antennal, tarsal and ovipositor chemosensilla in the African stemborer, Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Paul André Calatayud, Mathayo Chimtawi, Dominique Tauban, Frédéric Marion-Poll, Bruno Le Rü, Jean François Silvain, and Brigitte Frérot
Simultaneous application of entomopathogenic nematodes and predatory mites to control western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis, Lemma Ebssa, Christian Borgemeister, and Hans Michael Poehling
Single-step PCR differentiation of Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron) and Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) using polydnavirus markers, Stéphane Dupas, Catherine Gitau, Bruno Le Rü, and Jean François Silvain
Spatially targeting Culex quinquefasciatus aquatic habitats on modified land cover for implementing an Integrated Vector Management (IVM) program in three villages within the Mwea Rice Scheme, Kenya, Benjamin G. Jacob, Josephat Shililu, Ephantus J. Muturi, Joseph M. Mwangangi, Simon M. Muriu, Jose Funes, John Githure, James L. Regens, and Robert J. Novak
Species Composition, Distribution, and Seasonal Abundance of Liriomyza Leafminers (Diptera: Agromyzidae) under Different Vegetable Production Systems and Agroecological Zones in Kenya, Paul André Calatayud, Bruno P. Le Rü, Fritz Schulthess, and Jean François Silvain
(Sub)microscopic Plasmodium falciparum gametocytaemia in Kenyan children after treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine monotherapy or in combination with artesunate, Petra Schneider, Teun Bousema, Sabah Omar, Louis Gouagna, Patrick Sawa, Henk Schallig, and Robert Sauerwein
Suitability of cultivated and wild crucifers for the development of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (lepidoptera: plutellidae), G. Ayalew, B. Löhr, C. K.P.O. Ogol, and J. Baumgärtner
Survival of immature Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in aquatic habitats in Mwea rice irrigation scheme, central Kenya, Joseph M. Mwangangi, Ephantus J. Muturi, Josephat Shililu, Simon M. Muriu, Benjamin Jacob, Ephantus W. Kabiru, Charles M. Mbogo, John Githure, and Robert Novak
The bionomics of the egg parasitoid Telenomus busseolae (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) on Busseola fusca Fuller and Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Kenya, E. O.R. Okoth, J. M. Songa, A. J. Ngi-Song, C. O. Omwega, C. K.P.O. Ogol, and F. Schulthess
The effect of grassy field margins and fertilizer on soil water, plant nutrient levels, stem borer attacks and yield of maize in the humid forest zone of Cameroon, Rose Ndemah, Fritz Schulthess, and Christian Nolte
The effect of temperature and humidity on the bionomics of six African egg parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), A. Kalyebi, W. A. Overholt, F. Schulthess, J. M. Mueke, and S. Sithanantham
The role of wild host plants in the abundance of lepidopteran stem borers along altitudinal gradient in Kenya, George O. Ong’amo, Bruno P.Le Rü, Stéphane Dupas, Pascal Moyal, Eric Muchugu, Paul André Calatayud, and Jean François Silvain
The temporal correlation and spatial synchrony in the stemborer and parasitoid system of Coast Kenya with climate effects, Nanqing Jiang, Guofa Zhou, William A. Overholt, Eric Muchugu, and Fritz Schulthess
Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) associated with wildlife and vegetation of Haller park along the Kenyan coastline, W. Wanzala and S. Okanga
Topography and malaria transmission heterogeneity in western Kenya highlands: Prospects for focal vector control, Andrew K. Githeko, John M. Ayisi, Peter K. Odada, Francis K. Atieli, Bryson A. Ndenga, John I. Githure, and Guiyun Yan
Transgene expression and locus structure of Bt cotton, M. F. Grossi-De-Sa, W. A. Lucena, M. L. de Souza, A. L. Nepomuceno, E. O. Osir, N. O. Amugune, Tran Thi Cuc Hoa, Truong Nam Hai, D. A. Somers, and E. Romano
Trapping of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae with odour-baited MM-X traps in semi-field conditions in western Kenya, Basilio N. Njiru, Wolfgang R. Mukabana, Willem Takken, and Bart G.J. Knols
What are relevant assays for refractoriness?, George K. Christophides, Louis C. Gouagna, Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena, Anthony A. James, and Kenneth E. Olson
Year-round production of pest Ceratitis species (Diptera: Tephritidae) in fruit of the invasive species Solanum mauritianum in Kenya, Robert S. Copeland and Robert A. Wharton
Yield loss due to the stemborer Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) at different nitrogen application rates to maize, Victor H. Mgoo, Rhodes H. Makundi, Beatrice Pallangyo, Fritz Schulthess, Nanqing Jiang, and Charles O. Omwega
Submissions from 2005
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde: Larvicidal structure-activity studies, Geoffrey M. Mahanga, Teresa O. Akenga, Wilber Lwande, and Isaiah O. Ndiege
Abundance, dispersion and parasitism of the stem borer Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize in the humid forest zone of southern Cameroon, A. Chabi-Olaye, C. Nolte, F. Schulthess, and C. Borgemeister
Acceptance and suitability of four lepidopteran stemborers for the development of the pupal parasitoid Xanthopimpla stemmator(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), C. W. Gitau, A. J. Ngi-Song, W. A. Overholt, and S. A. Otieno
African and European trichogrammatid egg parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae): A comparison of some biological attributes, A. Kalyebi and S. A. Hassan
Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus mosquito distributions at 30 villages along the Kenyan coast, Joseph Keating, Charles M. Mbogo, Joseph Mwangangi, Joseph G. Nzovu, Weidong Gu, James L. Regens, Guiyun Yan, John I. Githure, and John C. Beier
A preliminary study on the pathogenicity of two isolates of nucleopolyhedroviruses infecting African bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), J. G. Ogembo, E. C. Kunjeku, and S. Sithanantham
A spider that feeds indirectly on vertebrate blood by choosing female mosquitoes as prey, Robert R. Jackson, Ximena J. Nelson, and Godfrey O. Sune
Assessing the potential impact of biological control of Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) in cabbage production in Kenya, Ibrahim Macharia, Bernhard Löhr, and Hugo De Groote
Biological control of the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) by Phymastichus coffea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Colombia, J. Jaramillo, A. E. Bustillo, E. C. Montoya, and C. Borgemeister
Bruchid (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) ovicidal phenylbutanoid from Zingiber purpureum, K. A. Nimal, P. Bandara, Vijaya Kumar, Ramesh C. Saxena, and Puthenveetil K. Ramdas
Capabilities of multispectral thermal data for identification of Anopheles gambiae mosquito larval habitats in African urban environments, Benjamin G. Jacob, James L. Regens, Charles M. Mbogo, Andrew K. Githeko, Christopher M. Swalm, John I. Githure, and John C. Beier
Chemical ecology of locusts and related acridids, Ahmed Hassanali, Peter G.N. Njagi, and Magzoub Omer Bashir
Close-range host searching behavior of the stemborer parasitoids Cotesia sesamiae and Dentichasmias busseolae: Influence of a non-host plant Melinis minutiflora, Linnet S. Gohole, William A. Overholt, Zeyaur R. Khan, and Louise E.M. Vet
Comparative performance of the Mbita trap, CDC light trap and the human landing catch in the sampling of Anopheles arabiensis, An. funestus and culicine species in a rice irrigation in western Kenya, Evan M. Mathenge, Gedion O. Misiani, David O. Oulo, Lucy W. Irungu, Paul N. Ndegwa, Tom A. Smith, Gerry F. Killeen, and Bart G.J. Knols
Conservation biological control with the fungal pathogen Pandora neoaphidis: Implications of aphid species, host plant and predator foraging, S. Ekesi, P. A. Shah, S. J. Clark, and J. K. Pell
Description of new Ceratitis MacLeay (Diptera, Tephritidae) species from Africa, Marc De Meyer and Robert S. Copeland
Detection of trypanosomes in small ruminants and pigs in western Kenya: Important reservoirs in the epidemiology of sleeping sickness?, Musa O. Ng'ayo, Zablon K. Njiru, Eucharia U. Kenya, Geoffrey M. Muluvi, Ellie O. Osir, and Daniel K. Masiga
Development of an adaptive tsetse population management scheme for the Luke community, Ethiopia, Andrea Sciarretta, Melaku Girma, Getachew Tikubet, Lulseged Belayehun, Shifa Ballo, and Johann Baumgärtner
Effect of soil application of different formulations of Metarhizium anisopliae on African tephritid fruit flies and their associated endoparasitoids, Sunday Ekesi, Nguya K. Maniania, Samira A. Mohamed, and Slawomir A. Lux